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Fetal blood testing

Definition

Fetal blood testing is a transvaginal (into the vagina) procedure performed when a woman is in active labor.

Alternative Names

Fetal scalp blood; Scalp pH testing

How the test is performed

The procedure typically takes about 5 minutes. The mother lies on her back with her feet in stirrups. If her cervix is dilated at least 3 to 4 centimeters, a plastic cone is placed in the vagina and fit snuggly against the scalp of the fetus.

The scalp of the fetus is cleansed and pierced, and a small blood sample is taken for examination. The blood is collected in a thin tube. The tube is either sent to the hospital laboratory or analyzed by a machine in the labor and delivery department. In either case, results are available in just a few minutes.

If the woman's cervix is not dilated enough, it is impossible to perform this test.

How to prepare for the test

The health care provider will explain the procedure and its risks. There isn't always a separate consent form for this procedure because many hospitals consider it part of the general consent form you signed at admission.

How the test will feel

The procedure should feel like a long pelvic exam. At this stage of labor, many patients already have had epidural anesthesia and may not feel the pressure of the procedure at all.

Why the test is performed

Usually this test is performed to obtain information about fetal acid-base balance (blood pH). Sometimes fetal heart monitoring doesn't provide enough information about the well-being of a baby. In these cases, testing the scalp pH can help the doctor decide whether the fetus is getting enough oxygen during labor. This helps determine whether the baby is healthy enough to continue labor, or if a forceps delivery or cesarean section might be the best route of delivery.

Although the test is not uncommon, most deliveries do not involve fetal scalp pH testing.

Normal Values

Normal fetal blood sample results include:

• Normal pH: 7.25 - 7.35
• pCO2: 40-50 mmHg
• pO2: 20-30 mmHg
• Base: <10

What abnormal results mean

In general, low pH suggests that the baby is poorly oxygenated, which could indicate that the baby is not tolerating labor very well. However, the results of a fetal scalp pH sample need to be interpreted in the context of each individual labor. The provider may feel that the results indicate that the baby needs to be delivered quickly, either by forceps or by cesarean section.

Fetal scalp pH testing may need to be repeated a few times during a complicated labor to continue to check on the baby.

What the risks are

Risks include the following:

• Continued bleeding from the puncture site (more likely if the fetus has a pH imbalance)
• Infection
• Bruising of the baby's scalp

Special considerations

This test is not recommended for mothers with infections, such as HIV or Hepatitis C.

Review Date:9/19/2006
Reviewed By:Audra Robertson, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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