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Stereotypic movement disorder

Definition

Stereotypic movement disorder is characterized by repetitive, non-functional motor behavior that has lasted at least 4 weeks. Certain drugs sometimes cause this condition, but symptoms last for a shorter period of time or stop when the offending medication is discontinued.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

The cause of this disorder, when it occurs in the absence of other conditions, is unknown. The repetitive movements appear to increase with stress, frustration, and boredom. Stereotypic movement disorder is more common among boys than girls.

Stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines can prompt a severe, but short period of stereotypic movement behavior. The behavior may include repetitive and purposeless picking, hand-wringing, head tics, or lip-biting.

With chronic stimulant abuse, these periods may last longer, but they usually resolve with cessation of the drug use.

Tourette's syndrome and autism may also cause this disorder.

Symptoms

• Rocking
• Head-banging
• Self-biting
• Nail-biting
• Hitting own body
• Handshaking or waving
• Mouthing of objects

Signs and tests

A clinical exam is usually sufficient to diagnose this disorder. Tourette's syndrome, stimulant abuse, autism, and other potential causes should be considered and appropriate tests conducted.

Treatment

Treatment should be centered around the symptoms, the cause, and the child's age. The environment should be changed for those children who are self-injurious to make sure they are safe. Behavioral techniques and psychotherapy have been the most successful treatment methods.

Some medications may also help reduce stereotypic behavior. Naltrexone has been used with some success in reducing stereotypic self-injurious behavior, but research on this is only preliminary.

Expectations (prognosis)

Expectations vary based on the cause. Stereotypy (repetitive movements) due to drugs usually goes away on its own after a few hours. Stereotypy due to head trauma may be permanent. All forms of stereotypy can be lessened with medications.

Complications

The motor problems do not generally progress to other disorders (such as seizures). However, if severe, they may interfere with normal social functioning.

Childhood stereotypic movement disorders may indicate underlying Tourette's syndrome, autism, or other disorders. In teens and adults, stereotyped movements can also be symptoms of stimulant abuse, which should be investigated.

Calling your health care provider

Call your provider if your child exhibits repeated, odd movements that persist longer than a few hours.

Review Date:6/13/2006
Reviewed By:Benjamin W. Van Voorhees, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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