Health Encyclopedia

Seasonal affective disorder

Definition

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a form of depression that occurs in relation to the seasons, most commonly beginning in winter.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is marked by symptoms of depression profound enough to seriously affect work and relationships. The disorder may have its onset in adolescence or early adulthood and, like other forms of depression, occurs more frequently in women than in men. Most people with the "winter blahs" or "cabin fever" do not have SAD.

The cause of SAD is not known, but is thought to be related to numerous factors including body temperature, hormone regulation, and ambient light. A rare form occurs in the summer.

Symptoms

Depression with the onset of fall or winter
Lack of energy
Decreased interest in work or significant activities
Increased appetite with weight gain
Carbohydrate cravings
Increased sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness
Social withdrawal
Afternoon slumps with decreased energy and concentration
Slow, sluggish, lethargic movement

Signs and tests

A psychological evaluation rules out other causes for the symptoms and confirms the diagnosis.

Treatment

As with other types of depression, antidepressant medications and talk therapy can be effective. Light therapy using a special lamp to mimic the spectrum of light from the sun may also be helpful.

Symptoms commonly resolve on their own with the change of seasons.

Expectations (prognosis)

The outcome is good with continuous treatment, although some people have the disorder throughout their lives.

Complications

Seasonal affective disorder can sometimes progress to a major depressive syndrome.

Calling your health care provider

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you experience symptoms of seasonal affective disorder.

Prevention

Individuals who have suffered from recurrent seasonal depression should speak with a mental health care professional to explore preventive treatments.

Review Date:11/15/2006
Reviewed By:Paul Ballas, D.O., Department of Psychiatry, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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