Health Encyclopedia

Mesenteric artery ischemia

Definition

Mesenteric artery ischemia is a narrowing or blockage of one or more of the three mesenteric arteries, which are the major arteries supplying the small and large intestines.

Alternative Names

Mesenteric Vascular Disease

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the intestine causes mesenteric ischemia. These arteries that supply blood to this area run directly from the aorta, the main artery from the heart.

Mesenteric artery ischemia is often seen in those with hardening of the arteries elsewhere in the body, such as that associated with coronary artery disease or peripheral vascular disease. The condition is more common in smokers and in patients with high cholesterol.

Mesenteric ischemia may also be caused by a blood clot (embolus) that moves through the blood and suddenly blocks one of the mesenteric arteries. The clots usually come from the heart or the aorta. These clots are more commonly seen in patients with heart arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation.

Symptoms

Chronic (long-term) mesenteric artery ischemia caused by atherosclerosis is commonly associated with abdominal pain after eating, and, occasionally, diarrhea.

Acute (sudden) mesenteric artery ischemia due to a traveling blood clot is frequently associated with sudden severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Signs and tests

In acute mesenteric ischemia, blood tests may show a higher-than-normal white blood cell (WBC) count and changes in the blood-acid level.

A CT scan may show problems with the blood vessels and the intestine.

A mesenteric angiogram is a test that involves injecting a special dye into your bloodstream to highlight the arteries of an intestine, and then taking x-rays of the area. This can show the location of the blockage in the artery.

Treatment

Acute mesenteric artery ischemia is an emergency. Surgery is performed to remove the clot. In some cases, the surgeon must also create a bypass around blockage.

Surgery for chronic mesenteric artery ischemia involves removing the blockage and reconnecting the arteries to the aorta. A bypass around the blockage, usually with a prosthetic plastic tube graft, is an alternative procedure.

As an alternative to surgery, sometimes a stent may be inserted to enlarge the blockage of the mesenteric artery or deliver medicine directly to the affected area. This is a rather new technique and should only be done by experienced health care providers.

Expectations (prognosis)

In the case of chronic mesenteric ischemia, the outlook after a successful surgery is good. However, if appropriate lifestyle changes (such as a healthy diet and exercise) are not made, any problems with hardening of the arteries will generally get worse over time.

Persons with acute mesenteric ischemia usually do poorly, since death of the intestine often occurs before surgery is done. However, when diagnosed and treated right away, patients with acute mesenteric ischemia can be treated successfully.

Complications

Infarction (tissue death from lack of blood flow) of the intestines is the most serious complication of mesenteric ischemia.

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if you have any severe abdominal pain, fevers, nausea, vomiting, or changes in bowel habits.

Prevention

Prevention includes following lifestyles changes that reduce your risk for atherosclerotic disease. This includes:

Stop smoking
Follow a healthy diet
Exercise
Keep your blood pressure under control

Prevention of acute mesenteric artery ischemia also involves controlling any heart rhythm problems.

Review Date:7/14/2006
Reviewed By:J.A. Lee, M.D., Division of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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