Health Encyclopedia

Diaphragmatic hernia

Definition

A diaphragmatic hernia is a birth defect in which there is an abnormal opening in the diaphragm, the muscle that helps you breathe. The opening allows part of the abdominal organs to move into the chest area.

Alternative Names

Hernia - diaphragmatic; Congenital hernia of the diaphragm

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

A diaphragmatic hernia is caused by the improper joining of structures during fetal development. As a result, the abdominal organs such as the stomach, small intestine, spleen, part of the liver, and the kidney appear in the chest cavity. The lung tissue on the affected side is thus not allowed to completely develop.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is seen in 1 out of 2,200 to 5, 000 live births. Most affect the left side. Having a parent or sibling with the condition slightly increases your risk.

Symptoms

Severe breathing difficulty usually develops shortly after the baby is born, because of ineffective movement of the diaphragm and crowding of the lung tissue, which causes collapse. The reason why this occurs is not known.

Other symptoms include:

Bluish colored skin due to lack of oxygen
Rapid breathing (tachypnea)
Fast heart rate (tachycardia)

Signs and tests

The pregnant mother may have excessive amounts of amniotic fluid. Fetal ultrasound may show abdominal contents in the chest cavity.

Examination of the infant shows:

Irregular chest movements
Absent breath sounds on affected side
Bowel sounds heard in the chest
Abdomen feels less full on examination by touch (palpation)

A chest x-ray may show abdominal organs in chest cavity.

Treatment

A diaphragmatic hernia is an emergency that requires surgery. Surgery is done to place the abdominal organs into the proper position and repair the opening in the diaphragm.

The infant will need breathing support until he or she recovers from surgery. Some infants are placed on a heart/lung bypass machine, which gives the lungs a chance to recover and expand after surgery.

If a diaphragmatic hernia is diagnosed during pregnancy (around 24 to 28 weeks), fetal surgery may be considered.

Expectations (prognosis)

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a very serious disorder. The outcome depends upon the development of the lung tissue.

However, with advances in neonatal and surgical care, survival is now greater than 80%.

A poor prognosis is associated with extra amniotic fluid during pregnancy, presence of the fetal stomach in the chest, and distress in the first few hours of life. Infants who survive may have long-term complications including persistent pulmonary hypertension, recurrent lung infections, and gastrointestinal problems.

Complications

Lung infections
Other congenital problems

Calling your health care provider

Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911). A diaphragmatic hernia is a surgical emergency.

Prevention

There is no known prevention.

Review Date:7/26/2007
Reviewed By:Daniel Rauch, MD, FAAP, Director, Pediatric Hospitalist Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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