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Inhalation anthrax

Definition

Inhalation or respiratory anthrax is an infectious disease caused by breathing in the spores of the bacteria Bacillus anthracis.

Alternative Names

Anthrax - inhalation

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Anthrax commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats, but humans can get sick from anthrax, too. Historically, the main risk factor for getting anthrax was some type of contact with contaminated animal hides, hair, bone products, and wool. Inhalation anthrax was most commonly contracted when workers breathed in airborne anthrax spores, which were released during industrial processes such as tanning hides and processing wool.

Breathing in spores means a person has been exposed to the disease, but it doesn't mean they'll get symptoms. The bacteria spores must "germinate," or sprout ( the same way a seed might before a flower grows) before the actual disease occurs. The process can take up to 60 days.

Once the spores germinate, they release of several toxic substances, which cause internal bleeding, swelling, and tissue death.

The main form of inhalational anthrax is a bloody infection of the lymph nodes in the chest, a condition called hemorrhagic mediastinitis. Up to half of affected individuals may also have a hemorrhagic meningitis.

Symptoms

There are usually two stages of inhalation anthrax:

• Stage one can last from hours to a few days. Symptoms may resemble a cold or the flu, and can include fever, chills, sweating, fatigue, malaise, headache, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain.
• Stage two often develops suddenly. Symptoms include fever, severe shortness of breath, and shock.

This list of symptoms is based on a relatively small number of people who have had inhalation anthrax. Additional symptoms may occur.

Signs and tests

Tests that may be done include:

• Chest x-ray
• Blood cultures
• Sputum cultures

Initial chest x-rays are likely to show abnormalities such as fluid surrounding the lungs or abnormally wide space between the lungs.

Fluid or blood samples may need to be sent to a lab for more specialized testing.

A spinal tap for CSF culture and a gram stain also may be performed.

Treatment

Several antibiotics are effective against anthrax, including penicillin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin. Inhalation anthrax is usually treated with ciprofloxacin plus another antibiotic agent.

The length of treatment is currently about 60 days for individuals exposed to anthrax, since it may take spores that long to germinate.

Expectations (prognosis)

The prognosis of inhalation anthrax once it reaches the second stage is poor, even with antibiotic therapy. Up to 90% of cases in the second stage are fatal.

Complications

• Hemorrhagic meningitis
• Mediastinitis
• Shock
• ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome)

Calling your health care provider

Notify your health care provider if you have been exposed to anthrax, whether or not you develop symptoms.

Prevention

An anthrax vaccine is available to select U.S. military personnel, but not the general public.

For individuals who have been truly exposed to anthrax (but have no signs and symptoms of the disease), preventive antibiotics may be offered.

Anthrax is not known to spread from person to person.People living with individuals with anthrax do not need antibiotics unless they have also been exposed to the same source of anthrax.

References

Reissman DB, Whitney EA, Taylor TH Jr, et al. One-Year Health Assessment of Adult Survivors of Bacillus anthracis Infection.JAMA. 2004;291:1994-1998.

Inglesby TV, O'Toole T, Henderson DA, et al. Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, 2002. JAMA.160;2002;287:2236-2252.

Review Date:6/29/2007
Reviewed By:Cyrus Badshah, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine,College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University; Assistant AttendingPhysician, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & MedicalDirector, Chest (TB)Clinic and Directly Observed Therapy Program, HarlemHospital Center. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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