Health Encyclopedia

Q fever - early

Definition

Q fever is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Q fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii, an organism that lives in domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and cats. Some wild animals and ticks also carry the bacteria.

People get Q fever after exposure to contaminated food or raw (unpasteurized) milk, or after inhaling dust or droplets in the air which are contaminated with animal feces, blood, or birth products.

Symptoms usually develop 2 to 3 weeks after you come in contact with the bacteria. This is called the incubation period. Some people may have no symptoms; others may have moderately severe symptoms similar to the flu. If symptoms occur, they may last for several weeks.

People at risk for infection include slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians, researchers, food processors, and sheep and cattle workers. Men are more commonly infected than women, and most patients are between 30 and 70 years old.

This disorder is occasionally seen in children, especially those who live on a farm. In infected children younger than 3 years old, Q fever is usually discovered during a search for the cause of pneumonia.

Symptoms

Common symptoms include:

Fever
Headache
Muscle pains
Joint pain (arthralgia)
Dry cough (non-productive)

Other symptoms that may develop include:

Signs and tests

Physical examination may reveal crackles in the lungs and an enlarged liver and spleen.
Liver function tests may show hepatitis.
Low blood counts can develop.
Antibodies for Coxiella are sometimes found in the blood.
Special stains may be done on infected tissues to identify the bacteria.
A chest x-ray often shows pneumonia or other changes.
Tests may be performed to determine if the disease has affected the heart.

Treatment

Treatment with antibiotics can shorten the length of the illness. Antibiotics that are commonly used include tetracycline and doxycycline. Tetracycline given by mouth should not be used by children whose teeth are still forming, because it can permanently discolor growing teeth.

Expectations (prognosis)

Recovery occurs even without treatment. However, complications can be very serious and sometimes even life threatening. It is recommended that this disorder be treated any time it is recognized as the cause of symptoms.

Complications

Infection returns
Endocarditis (infection of heart valves)
Chronic hepatitis (liver infection)
Encephalitis (brain infection)
Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
Pneumonia (lung infection)

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if symptoms of Q fever develop.

Call if you have been treated for this disorder and symptoms return, or if new symptoms develop.

Prevention

Pasteurization of milk and adequate cooking of food destroys the bacteria that causes early Q fever. Domestic animals should be inspected for signs of the disease if people exposed to them have developed symptoms of Q fever.

Review Date:10/9/2006
Reviewed By:D. Scott Smith, M.D., MSc, DTM&H, Chief of Infectious Disease & Geographic Medicine, Kaiser Redwood City, CA & Adjunct Assistant Professor, Stanford University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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