Health Encyclopedia

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Definition

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is scar tissue that forms in areas of the kidney that filter certain things out of the body. These areas are called glomeruli. The help the body get rid of harmful or unnecessary substances. Each kidney has thousands of glomeruli.

"Focal" means that some of the glomeruli become scarred, while others remain normal. "Segmental" means that only part of an individual glomerulus is damaged.

Alternative Names

Segmental glomerulosclerosis; Focal sclerosis with hyalinosis

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

The cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually unknown. A small number of cases result from reflux nephropathy. The condition affects both children and adults. Males are affected slightly more often than females, and it also occurs more frequently in African Americans.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis causes about 10 - 15% of all cases of nephrotic syndrome.

Symptoms

Foamy urine
Swelling of the body, called generalized edema, from retained fluids
Weight gain
Poor appetite

Signs and tests

There are no strong clues to the diagnosis on physical examination, other than evidence of edema and elevated blood pressure. Signs of kidney renal failure and associated fluid overload may develop as the illness gets worse.

Tests may include:

Urinalysis
Kidney biopsy
Immunofluorescence microscopy test

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to control the symptoms associated with nephrotic syndrome and chronic kidney failure. For detailed treatment information for those conditions, see:

In general, treatments may include:

Low or moderate protein diet (1 gram of protein per kilogram of body weight per day)
Low fat diet
Salt-free diet
Fluid restriction
Powerful anti-inflammatory medicines to reduce the immune response
Medicines to treat high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and high triglyceride levels
Antibiotics to control infections
Vitamin D supplementation
Dialysis
Kidney transplantation

Expectations (prognosis)

Over half of all persons with focal or segmental glomerulosclerosis develop chronic kidney failure within 10 years.

Complications

Chronic kidney failure
End-stage kidney disease
Nephrotic syndrome
Malnutrition
Infection

Calling your health care provider

You should call your doctor if symptoms develop, especially if there is fever, pain with urination, or decreased urine output.

Prevention

No prevention is known.

Review Date:5/15/2007
Reviewed By:Robert Mushnick, M.D., Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Nephrology, SUNY Downstate Health Center, Brooklyn, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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