Health Encyclopedia

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

Definition

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is a disorder that involves occasional episodes of muscle weakness and, sometimes, higher-than-normal levels of potassium in the blood.

It is one of a group of genetic disorders that includes hypokalemic periodic paralysis and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis.

Alternative Names

Paramyotonia congenita; Periodic paralysis - hyperkalemic

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is believed to be due to faulty genes. In most cases, it is passed down through families (inherited). Occasionally, it occurs randomly in families. It is believed that the disorder is due to problems with the way the body controls electrolyte levels in cells.

Unlike other forms of periodic paralysis, persons with this type do not have low blood potassium levels. In fact, there may be normal or high levels of potassium in the bloodstream during and between attacks.

Risk factors include a family history of periodic paralysis. The condition occurs in approximately 1 in every 100,000 people. It affects men more often then women.

Symptoms

The disorder involves attacks of muscle weakness or loss of muscle movement (paralysis) that come and go. There is normal muscle strength between attacks.

Attacks usually begin in childhood. How often the attacks occur varies. Some people have several attacks a day. Attacks typically last only 1 to 2 hours, but can sometimes last as long as a day.

The weakness or paralysis:

Most commonly occurs at the shoulders and hips
May also involve the arms and legs
Most commonly occurs while resting after activity
May occur on awakening
Comes and goes
Usually lasts less than 24 hours

Triggers may include:

Resting after exercise
Not eating (fasting)
Exposure to cold
Eating small amounts of potassium

Glucose and insulin medications, which trigger attacks of other forms of periodic paralysis, do not trigger attacks of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.

Signs and tests

The health care provider may suspect hyperkalemic periodic paralysis based on a family history of the disorder. Other clues to the disorder are muscle weakness symptoms that come and go and normal or high results of a potassium test.

Between attacks, a physical examination shows nothing abnormal. During an attack, muscle reflexes may be decreased or absent and muscles go limp rather than staying stiff. The muscle groups near the body, such as shoulders and hips are involved more often than the arms and legs.

An ECG or heart tracing may be abnormal during attacks.
An EMG or muscle tracing is usually normal between attacks and abnormal during attacks.
A muscle biopsy may show abnormalities.

The health care provider may run additional tests to rule out other causes.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and prevent further attacks.

Attacks are seldom severe enough to require emergency treatment. However, weakness can become worse with repeated attacks, so treatment to prevent the attacks should occur as soon as possible.

Glucose or other carbohydrates (sugars) given during an attack may reduce the severity of the symptoms. Calcium or diuretics such as furosemide may need to be given through a vein to stop sudden attacks. Glucose and insulin may also need to be given through a vein (IV) to help reduce weakness without reducing potassium levels.

A medicine called acetazolamide prevents attacks in many cases. Thiazide diuretics such as chlorothiazide are also effective and have fewer side effects than acetazolamide.

Expectations (prognosis)

Sometimes attacks disappear later in life on their own. However, chronic attacks generally result in progressive muscle weakness that is present even between attacks.

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis responds well to treatment. Treatment may prevent, and may even reverse, progressive muscle weakness.

Complications

Kidney stones (a side effect of acetazolamide)
Heart arrhythmias during attacks (rare, not fatal)
Difficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing during attacks (rare)
Progressive muscle weakness

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if you have intermittent muscle weakness, particularly if there is a family history of periodic paralysis.

Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you faint or have difficulty breathing, speaking, or swallowing. These are emergency symptoms.

Prevention

Treatment prevents attacks of weakness.

Review Date:7/11/2008
Reviewed By:Parul Patel, MD, Private Practice specializing in Nephrology and Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Affiliated with California Pacific Medical Center, Department of Transplantation, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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